Atomic Structure, Bonding, General Organic Chemistry & Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Paper Code: 
24CCHY101
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Course Objective(s):

This course will enable the students to -

understand the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, gain an in-depth knowledge about different types of bonding in main group elements and understand the concept of hybridization, geometry of covalent molecules, shapes of atomic and molecular orbitals

get acquainted with the core concepts of different electronic effects and their applications in organic chemistry acquire a comprehensive understanding of stereochemistry in alkanes, alkenes & alkynes along with their reactions

Course Outcomes (COs):

Course

Learning Outcome

(at course level)

Learning and Teaching Strategies

Assessment Strategies

Course Code

Course

Title

 

24CCHY 101

 

Atomic Structure, Bonding, General Organic Chemistry & Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

    (Theory)

CO1: Describe the principles of quantum mechanics, explain electronic configurations of atoms, assess the stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

CO2: Discuss ionic and covalent bonding, calculate lattice energy using VSEPR theory and construct molecular orbital diagrams of diatomic molecules and determine the bond order.

CO3: Identify and distinguish different electronic effects, their impact on   different aliphatic , aromatic and non-aromatic molecules.

CO4: Explain the stereochemical aspect of different molecules.

CO5: Identify various organic substrates and their reaction mechanisms.

CO6: Contribute effectively in course-specific interaction.

Approach in teaching:

Interactive lectures, tutorials, group discussions and e-learning.

 

Learning activities for the students:

Peer learning, e- learning, problem solving through tutorials and group discussions.

 

 

Written examinations,

assignments and quiz.

 

 

 

 

12.00
Unit I: 
Atomic Structure

Review of- Bohr’s theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom spectra. Need of a new approach to atomic structure- Introduction to quantum mechanics, time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ2, Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom. Quantum numbers and their significance. Radial and angular parts of the hydrogenic wavefunctions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (only graphical representation). Radial and angular nodes, nodal planes and their significance. Radial distribution functions and the concept of the most probable distance with special reference to 1s and 2s atomic orbitals., shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, rules for filling electrons in various orbitals, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals, concept of exchange energy, relative energies of atomic orbitals, electronic configurations of the atoms. 

16.00
Unit II: 
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Ionic Bonding: General characteristics, size effects, radius ratio rules and their limitations, packing of ions in crystals, ionic compounds of the type AX and AX2, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of ionic compounds. Born-Landé equation for calculation of lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment and percentage ionic character.

Covalent bonding: Valence Bond Approach- Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR theory and hybridization. Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic and organic compounds.

MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of 1st and 2nd periods and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and NO+. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.

9.00
Unit III: 
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

Electronic Displacements- Inductive effect, electromeric Effect, resonance  and hyperconjugation. Cleavage of bonds- Homolysis and heterolysis. 

Structure, shape and reactivity of organic molecules- Nucleophiles and electrophiles.

Reactive intermediates- Carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.

Strength of organic acids and bases- Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Aromaticity- Benzenoids and Hückel’s rule.

11.00
Unit IV: 
Stereochemistry

Conformations with respect to ethane, butane and cyclohexane. Interconversion of wedge formula, Newmann, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Concept of chirality (upto two carbon atoms). Configuration- Geometrical and optical isomerism, enantiomerism, diastereomerism and meso compounds. Threo and erythro, D and L, cis and trans nomenclature.

CIP Rules- R/ S (for upto 2 chiral carbon atoms) and E / Z Nomenclature (for upto two C=C systems)

12.00
Unit V: 
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be studied in context to their structure.

Alkanes (Upto 5 Carbons): Preparation- Catalytic hydrogenation, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe’s synthesis, from Grignard reagent.

Reactions- Free radical substitution, halogenation, reactivity and selectivity.

Alkenes (Upto 5 Carbons): Preparations and elimination reactions - Dehydration of alkenes and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule), cis alkenes (partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction), cis-addition (alk. KMnO4) and trans-addition (bromine), addition of HX (Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s addition), hydration, ozonolysis, oxymecuration-demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation.

Alkynes (Upto 5 Carbons): Preparation- Acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into higher alkynes, by dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides.

Reactions- formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO4, ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alkaline KMnO4.

 

Essential Readings: 
  1. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition; J.D. Lee; Wiley India(P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2008.
  2. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Thirty Third Edition; B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, K.C. Kalia; Vishal Publishing Co., Delhi, 2020.
  3. Organic Chemistry, Sixth Edition; R. T. Morrison, R. N. Boyd; Pearson Education India, New Delhi, 2017.
  4. Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanism, Tenth Edition; P.S. Kalsi; New Age International   Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2012

 

References: 
  1. Inorganic Chemistry, Seventh International Edition; M. Weller, T. Overton, J. Rourke, F. Armstrong; Oxford University Press, New York, 2018.
  2. Organic Chemistry, Sixth Edition; G. Marc Loudon, J. Parise; WH Freeman, New York, 2015.
  3. Organic Chemistry, Twelfth Edition (Global Edition); T. W. Graham Solomons, C. B. Fryhle, S. A. Snyder; Wiley Publishers, United Kingdom, 2017

e-Resources:

  1. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Inorganic_Chemistry/Review_of_Chemical_Bonding (Unit I and II)
  2. https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/7562/1/Unit-2.pdf (Unit I)
  3. https://www.chemistryrocks.net/apchemistry.htm#C6 (Unit II)
  4. https://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/5238 (Unit II)
  5. https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1.htm (Unit III, IV and V)
  6. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-12-organic-chemistry-i-spring-2003/lecture-handouts/ (Unit III, IV and V)
  7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mb6jSs8jvjc (Unit III)
  8. https://ignoutv.in/ignou-che-05-study-material/ (Unit V)
  9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bw_cetheReo (Unit IV)
  10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofFEFywbJKA (Unit IV)

 

Academic Year: 
2024-2025
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