Organic Chemistry IV: Spectroscopy

General principles introduction to absorption and emission spectroscopy.

UV spectroscopy: Types of electronic transitions, λ_max, chromophores and auxochromes, bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts, intensity of absorption, application of Woodward rules for calculation of λ_max for the following systems: α,β unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters, conjugated dienes: Alicyclic, homoannular and heteroannular, extended conjugated systems (aldehydes, ketones and dienes), distinction between cis and trans isomers.

IR spectroscopy: Fundamental and non-fundamental molecular vibrations, IR absorption positions of O, N and S containing functional groups, effect of H-bonding, conjugation, resonance and ring size on IR absorptions, fingerprint region and its significance, application in functional group analysis.

NMR spectroscopy: Basic principles of proton magnetic resonance, chemical shift and factors influencing it, spin – spin coupling and coupling constant, anisotropic effects in alkene, alkyne, aldehydes and aromatics, interpretation of NMR spectra of simple compounds.

Applications of IR, UV and NMR for identification of simple organic molecules.

Occurrence, classification and their biological importance.

Monosaccharides: Constitution and absolute configuration of glucose and fructose, epimers and anomers, mutarotation, determination of ring size of glucose and fructose, Haworth projections and conformational structures, interconversions of aldoses and ketoses, Killiani-Fischer synthesis and Ruff degradation.

Disaccharides: Structure elucidation of maltose, lactose and sucrose.

Polysaccharides: Elementary treatment of starch, cellulose and glycogen.

Classification, colour and constitution, mordant and vat dyes, chemistry of dyeing, synthesis and applications of azo dyes: Methyl orange and congored (mechanism of diazo coupling), triphenyl methane dyes: Malachite green, rosaniline and crystal violet, phthalein dyes: Phenolphthalein and fluorescein, natural dyes: Structure elucidation and synthesis of alizarin and indigotin, edible dyes with examples.

Introduction and classification including di-block, tri-block and amphiphilic polymers, number average molecular weight, weight average molecular weight, degree of polymerization, polydispersity index.

Polymerisation reactions: Addition and condensation, mechanism of cationic, anionic and free radical addition polymerization, metallocene-based Ziegler-Natta polymerisation of alkenes.

Preparation and applications of plastics: thermosetting (phenol-formaldehyde, polyurethanes) and thermosoftening (PVC, polythene).

Fabrics: Natural and synthetic (acrylic, polyamido, polyester), rubbers: Natural and synthetic, buna-S, chloroprene and neoprene, vulcanization, polymer additives.

Introduction to liquid crystal polymers, biodegradable and conducting polymers with examples.