SOLUTIONS, PHASE EQUILIBRIUM, CONDUCTANCE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY & FUNCTIONAL GROUP ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II

Paper Code: 
C-CHY 301
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

 

Course Objective(s):    

This course will enable the students to -

  • understand the fundamentals related to phase diagram of homogeneous and heterogeneous system.
  • provide in-depth knowledge of the electrochemical process and their applications.
  • describe the synthesis and reactions of carboxylic acids, their derivatives and amino compounds and get an insight about proteins and carbohydrates.

Course Outcomes (COs):

Course Outcomes
  • Teaching Learning Strategies
  • Assessment Strategies

On completion of this course, the students will be able to –

CO19: explain the concept of ideal and non-ideal solutions.

CO20: discuss heterogeneous equilibrium having one component and two-component systems.

CO21: describe the concept of conductance, electrode potential, concentration cells and apply it for the calculation of thermodynamic quantities of cell reactions.

CO22: apprise the synthesis and properties of carboxylic acids, its derivatives and carbohydrates.

CO23: discuss the properties of amines, amino acids and proteins including their three-dimensional structure.

 
  • Interactive lectures
  • Tutorials
  • Group discussions
  • Digital learning
  • Problem solving sessions
  • Assertion and Reasoning

 
  • Oral and written examinations
  • Assignments
  • Quiz

 

 

 

 

13.00
Unit I: 
Solutions and Phase Equilibrium

Solutions: Thermodynamics of ideal solutions- Ideal solutions and Raoult’s law, deviations from Raoult’s law, non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and temperature- composition curves of ideal and non-ideal solutions. Distillation of solutions. Lever rule. Azeotropes.

Partial miscibility of liquids- Phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems, critical solution temperature, effect of impurity on partial miscibility of liquids.

Immiscibility of liquids- Principle of steam distillation. Nernst distribution law and its applications, solvent extraction.

Phase Equilibrium: Phases, components and degrees of freedom of a system, criteria of phase equilibrium. Gibbs Phase Rule and its thermodynamic derivation. Derivation of Clausius – Clapeyron equation  and its importance in phase equilibria. Phase diagrams of one-component systems (water, CO2 and  sulphur) and two component systems involving eutectics, congruent and incongruent melting points (lead-silver, FeCl3-H2O and Na-H2O only), freezing mixtures (acetone-dry ice).

17.00
Unit II: 
Electrochemistry

Conductance: Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong electrolytes. Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions.

Transference number and its experimental determination using Hittorf and moving boundary methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements- Determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water, hydrolysis constant of a salt. Conductometric titrations (only acid- base).

Electrochemistry: Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell, measurement of EMF of a cell,   Nernst equation and its importance. Types of electrodes. Standard electrode potential, electrochemical series. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data, calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data.

Concentration cells with transference and without transference, liquid junction potential and salt bridge.

pH determination using hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone electrode.

Potentiometric titrations -qualitative treatment (acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).

10.00
Unit III: 
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives

Carboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic): Preparation- Acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of esters. Carboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic) and their derivatives.

Preparation- Acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of esters.

Reactions- Hell–Vohlard-Zelinsky Reaction.

Carboxylic acid derivatives: Preparation- Acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides from acids and their interconversion. Reactions- Comparative study of nucleophilicity of acyl derivatives. Reformatsky reaction, Perkin condensation.

10.00
Unit IV: 
Amines and Amino Acids

Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic) (Upto 5 carbons): Preparation- from alkyl halides, Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis, Hofmann Bromamide reaction. Reactions- Hofmann vs. Saytzeff elimination, Carbylamine test, Hinsberg test, with HNO2, Schotten–Baumann Reaction. Electrophilic substitution (case aniline): nitration, bromination, sulphonation.

Diazonium salts- Preparation: from aromatic amines. Reactions- conversion to benzene, phenol, dyes.

Amino Acids: Preparation- Strecker synthesis, Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis. Zwitterion, Isoelectric point and Electrophoresis. Reactions- ester of –COOH group, acetylation of –NH2 group, complexation with Cu2+ ions, ninhydrin test.

10.00
Unit V: 
Proteins and Carbohydrates

Proteins: Overview of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structure of proteins.

Determination of primary structure of peptides by degradation Edmann degradation (N-terminal) and C–terminal (thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase enzyme). Synthesis of simple peptides (upto dipeptides) by N-protection (t-butyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl) & C-activating groups and Merrifield solid-phase synthesis.

Carbohydrates: Classification, and general properties, Glucose and Fructose (open chain and cyclic structure), determination of configuration of monosaccharides, absolute configuration of glucose and fructose, mutarotation, ascending and descending in monosaccharides. Structure of disacharrides (sucrose, cellobiose, maltose, lactose) and polysacharrides (starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation.

Essential Readings: 
  • Principles of Physical Chemistry, Forty Eighth Edition; B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania; Vishal Publishing Co., Jalandhar, 2020.
  • Organic Chemistry, Vol. I , Sixth Edition; I.L. Finar; Pearson Education, New Delhi2002.
  • Organic Chemistry, Sixth Edition; G. Marc Loudon, J. Parise; WH Freeman, New York, 2015.

 

References: 

SUGGESTED READINGS:

  • Atkin’s Physical Chemistry, Eighth Edition; P.W. Atkins, J. Paula; Oxford University Press, International Student Edition, 2017.
  • A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium, Vol. II, Sixth Edition; K. L. Kapoor; McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2019.
  • Physical Chemistry, Fifth Special Indian Edition; G.M. Barrow; McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2007.
  • Physical Chemistry Through Problems, Second Edition; S.K. Dogra and S. Dogra; New Age International Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2015.
  • Organic Chemistry, Second Edition; Jonathan Clayden, Nick Greeves and Stuart Warren; Oxford University Press, USA, 2014.

e-RESOURCES:

Academic Year: 
2023-2024
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