SYNTHETIC STRATEGIES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

History, need and goal,  green chemistry and sustainability and background of green chemistry.
Twelve basic principles of green chemistry with their explanation and examples and special emphasis on the following- designing a green synthesis using these principles, prevention of waste/ byproducts, atom economy- maximum incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final products, calculation of atom economy of the rearrangement, addition, substitution and elimination reactions.
Prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products reducing toxicity.
Risk = (Function) hazard x exposure, waste or pollution prevention hierarchy.

Green solvents- supercritical fluids, water as a solvent for organic reactions, ionic liquids, fluorous biphasic solvent, PEG, solventless processes, immobilized solvents and how to compare greenness of solvents.
Energy requirements for reactions- alternative sources of energy.
Microwave assisted reactions in water- Hofmann elimination, hydrolysis (of benzyl chloride)
Ultrasound assisted reactions- esterification, saponification, substitution reactions, Alkylations,   oxidation, reduction, coupling reaction, Cannizzaro reaction, Strecker synthesis, Reformatsky reaction.
Selection of starting materials, avoidance of unnecessary derivatization, careful use of blocking/protecting groups.
Use of catalytic reagents in preference to stoichiometric reagents, catalysis and green chemistry, comparison of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, bio catalysis, asymmetric catalysis and photocatalysis.

Definition, generic modes, classification.
Covalent organocatalysis - secondary amines via enamine, imine, imim ion, amidines, guanidines , Lewis base catalysis, nitrogen heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), synthesis, structure, catalysis-homo-and cross-benzoin condensation, Stetter reaction, hydrosilylation of styrenes, transesterification.
Noncovalent organocatalysis- hydrogen bonding catalysis, thiourea based catalysts, Diols- TADDOL.
Phosphorus containing organocatalysts- triphenylphosphine, Binol-derived phosphoric acids, cyclic diphosphazanes, phosphonates.

Emergence of nanotechnology, types of nanomaterials, zero dimensional, one dimensional, two dimensional and three dimensional nanomaterials, composite materials.
Fabrication methods- bottom up and top down approach, solution phase and vapor phase synthesis
Physical methods- physical vapour deposition (evaporation, sputtering and plasma processing methods), chemical vapour deposition, epitaxial growth method, ball miling, lithography.
Chemical methods- sol-gel process, reduction method, self-assembly method, coprecipitation, microemulsion, solvothermal, microwave synthesis, evaporation, template synthesis, sonochemical synthesis, radiation assisted synthesis, chemical etching.
Biological methods- synthesis using microorganism, biological templates, plants and plant            extracts.

Properties of nanomaterials, surface energy.

Stabilization of nanomaterials- Electrostatic and steric stabilization of nanoparticles, quantum confinement effect, nanocatalyst.
Carbon nanomaterials- fullerenes, graphenes, nanotubes.
Characterization of nanomaterials: Principle, Instrumentation and applications of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, X-Ray powder diffraction in the characterization of nanomaterials.

Applications and social impact- Fuel cell, hydrogen production and storage, batteries, capacitors, photoelectrochemical splitting of water, gas sensors, defense, nanomedicines.