Analytical Methods

Errors in chemical analysis, classification of errors, accuracy and precision, minimization of errors, significant figures : statistical analysis- mean and standard deviation; relative standard deviation; coefficient of variance, sampling in analysis, rejection of results, presentation of data.
 

Pre requisite: Purification of solids and liquids – simple crystallization, sublimation; distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduce pressure.Basic principles, classification
Column chromatography:  elution chromatogram, methods of improving column performance, migration rates of solutes- distribution constant, retention time, column efficiency, variables that affect column efficiency, column resolution, applications (separation of methylene blue and fluorescein).
Thin layer chromatography:  principle, technique and applications (separation of vitamins).
Paper Chromatography:  principle, Rf value, technique and applications (separation of amino acid mixtures).
 

Principle, instrumentation, and applications of gas chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography and ion exchange chromatography.
 

Pre requisite: Lambert and Beer law, verification, derivation, signification of λmax and molar absorptivity, theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence.
Spectrophotocolorimetry: single beam and double beam spectrophotometers, functions of the components, applications.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy: principle, instrumentation, spectral interferences and chemical interferences in atomic absorption spectroscopy, applications in quantitative analysis (analysis of Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺).

Flame photometry: principle, instrumentation, interferences in flame photometry, applications in quantitative analysis. Comparison of atomic absorption and flame emission spectroscopy.
 

Principle, instrumentation and basic principles of – conductometric, potentiometry, pH metry, electrochemistry, colorimetry and polarography