Scalar and vector fields, Scalar and vector products, differentiation of a vector, gradient, divergence and curl operations and their meaning, Gauss and Stokes’ theorem.

Linearity and superposition principle, free oscillation with one and two degrees of freedom, simple pendulum, combination of two simple harmonic motions. Lissajous figures, free and damped vibrations, forced vibrations and resonance, Q factor, wave equation, travelling and standing waves, superposition of waves, phase and group velocity.

Interference, Young’s double slit interference in thin films. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction: plane transmission grating, resolving power of a telescope and a microscope, resolving and dispersive power of a plane diffraction grating. Polarization: Polarization by reflection and refraction, Brewster’s law, quarter and half-wave plates, Production and analysis of circularly and elliptically polarized light.

Half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers, ripple factor, rectification efficiency, filters (series in inductor, shunt capacitator, LC and π sections), voltage regulations, Zener diode as voltage regulator. Construction and working of bipolar junction transistors, Characteristic curves of CE, CB and CC configuration circuits, negative and positive feedback. Barkhausen’s criterion for self-sustaining oscillations.

Number systems (binary), Logic gates, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and XOR. Boolean algebra (Boolean laws and simple expressions), binary adders, half adder, half subtractor, full adder and full subtractor.