BIOMOLECULES

Introduction, types of polynuclear hydrocarbons, Fries rule, annelation effect.
Structure, preparation, important reactions and derivatives of- naphthalene (naphthols and naphthyl amines), anthracene (anthraquinone) and phenanthrene (phenanthraquinone)

Occurrence, classification and biological importance
Monosaccharides- constitution, absolute configuration of glucose and fructose, epimers and anomers, mutarotation, determination of ring size of glucose and fructose, Haworth projections and conformational structures, interconversions of aldoses and ketoses, Killiani-Fischer synthesis and Ruff & Wohl degradation.
Disaccharides- structure of maltose, lactose and sucrose, α & β glycosidic linkages, reducing & non-reducing sugars
Polysaccharides (elementary idea)- starch and glycogen

Amino acids- introduction and classification
α-Amino Acids- synthesis, physical properties (Zwitter ions, pKa values, isoelectric point and electrophoresis) and reactions
Peptides- determination of structures- end group analysis, methods of peptide synthesis using N-protecting, C-protecting and C-activating groups, solid-phase synthesis.
Proteins- introduction, classification and structures, denaturation and renaturation.

Components- nucleosides and nucleotides, DNA, RNA and their structures
Structure and synthesis of- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil and thymine
Two-step formation of polynucleotides.

Introduction, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, biological importance, hydrogenation, saponification value, acid value, iodine number, reversion and rancidity.
Soaps and detergents- structure and cleaning action.