Amino acids: common structural features, stereo-isomerism and RS system of designating optical isomers, classification and structures of standard amino acids as zwitterion in aqueous solutions, physical and chemical properties, isoelectric point, separation of amino acids. Essential amino acids. Non-protein amino acids.

Introduction, classification based on solubility, shape, composition and functions. Protein structure: levels of structure in protein architecture, primary, secondary (helix and pleated sheets), tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, forces stabilizing the tertiary structure and quaternary structure of proteins. Fibrous and globular proteins- structural features and catalytic activities (collagen, hemoglobin), glycoproteins

Nucleosides and nucleotides (basic structural features). Nature of genetic material. Isolation and composition of RNA and DNA (Watson and Crick Model, A, B, Z- DNA), generalized structural plan of nucleic acids, nomenclature used in writing structure of nucleic acids, features of DNA double helix. Denaturation, annealing and melting of DNA, structure and roles of different types of RNA. Size of DNA in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells.

Discovery and role in body functions. Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E & K . Water soluble vitamins such as riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin, cobalamine, folic acid and ascorbic acid.
 

Classification, types of hormones-steroidal and non-streroidal. Biological role of hormones(steroidal hormones, non-steroidal hormones and plant hormones), hormones secreted by endocrine glands(introductory aspect), functions of hormones.