Environmental and Green Chemistry

Paper Code: 
CHY- 614
Credits: 
3
Contact Hours: 
45.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
9.00
Unit I: 
General Aspects of Environmental Chemistry

Environmental components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere)

 Atmospheric layers, vertical temperature profile, heat radiation budget of the earth. Temperature inversion.

Environmental pollution- Introduction, Pollutants- types & Classification.

 Effects and control of air pollutants: CO, NOx, SO2 and particulates.

Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, Residence time.

Chemistry of water and chemical reactions in aquatic environment; concept of oxygen demand -DO, BOD, COD; TDS, pH, conductivity

 

9.00
Unit II: 
Enhanced Atmospheric Effects

Green house effect: Green house gases - Major sources and climate change, effect on global

warming and agriculture.

Acid Rain: Introduction; acid rain precursor, their aqueous and gas phase atmospheric oxidation reactions; damaging effects on aquatic life, plants, buildings and health; acid rain control strategies.

Ozone depletion: Ozone layer formation, reactions, role, and processes of ozone depletion.

Consequences of ozone depletion. Creation, non-catalytic and catalytic process of ozone destruction.

Aerosols, Smog formation

 

9.00
Unit III: 
Environmental Toxicology

Introduction; threshold limiting value (TLV); Toxicity and control of Toxicants--

Non Metallic Compounds, Asbestos, Organic Compounds- POPs (phthalate, dioxins), PCBs, Pesticides, VOCs, endocrine disrupters, heavy metals-As, Hg, Cd, Pb.

 

9.00
Unit IV: 
Principles of Green Chemistry I

History, Need and Goals. Green Chemistry and Sustainability and background of Green Chemistry.

Twelve Basic principles of Green Chemistry with their explanation and examples and special emphasis on the following:

Designing a Green Synthesis using these principles; Prevention of Waste/ byproducts; Atom Economy: maximum incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final products, calculation of atom economy of the rearrangement, addition, substitution and elimination reactions.

Prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products reducing toxicity.

Risk = (Function) hazard x exposure; waste or pollution prevention hierarchy.

 

9.00
Unit V: 
Principles of Green Chemistry II

Green solvents: Supercritical fluids, water as a solvent for organic reactions, ionic liquids, fluorous biphasic solvent, PEG, solventless processes, immobilized solvents and how to compare greenness of solvents.

Energy requirements for reactions: alternative sources of energy: Microwave assisted reactions in water: Hofmann Elimination, Hydrolysis (of benzyl chloride)

Ultrasound assisted reactions: Esterification, saponification, substitution reactions, Alkylations, oxidation, reduction, coupling reaction, Cannizaro reaction, Strecker synthesis, Reformatsky reaction.

Selection of starting materials; avoidance of unnecessary derivatization-careful use of blocking/protecting groups.

Use of catalytic reagents in preference to stoichiometric reagents; catalysis and green chemistry, comparison of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, biocatalysis, asymmetric catalysis and photocatalysis.

 

References: 
  1. Environmental Chemistry, Sixth Edition; Stanley E. Manahan; Lewis publishers, Boston.
  2. Environmental Chemistry, First Edition; Colin Baird; W.H. Freeman and company, New York, 1998.
  3. Environmental Chemistry, Fourth Edition; A. K. De; New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2003
  4. Chemistry of the Environment, Second Edition; Thomas G. Spiro & William M. Stigliani; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
  5. Green Chemistry:A textbook; V.K.Ahluwalia  Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2013
  6. Green Chemistry: Introductory Text, Second Edition; M. Lancaster;Royal Society of Chemistry (London), 2010

 

Academic Year: