Environmental and Green Chemistry

Paper Code: 
CHY 614
Credits: 
3
Contact Hours: 
45.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Course Objectives:

This course will enable the students to –

  1. equip students with the knowledge of the chemical and photochemical reactions essential for the emergence and existence of the cycling and accumulation of pollutants in the environment.
  2. address the chemistry of elements and compounds in the atmosphere and water.
  3. lay special emphasis on the processes that define the connections and the dependence between individual  segments of environment and to develop perspective on sustainability.

Course Outcomes (COs):

Course

Learning outcomes

(at course level)

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment

Strategies

Paper Code

Paper Title

CHY 614

Environmental and Green Chemistry

 

 

 

 

The students will be able to –

CO169: discuss the concept of structure and function of different compartments of the environment and criticize the range and extent of the air and water pollution problem with an understanding of some of the treatment procedures available

CO170: examine the national and global environmental issues relating to atmosphere, water and natural resources

CO171: identify relationships between chemical exposure and effects on physiological system

CO172: analyse the environmental impacts of  chemistry and discover the impotance of Green Chemistry.

CO173: apply the green chemical sustainable tools for cleaner environment & energy.

Class lectures

 

Tutorials

 

Group discussions

 

Peer teaching and learning

 

Question preparation

Subjective type

  • Long answer
  • Short answer

Objective type

  • Multiple choice questions
  • One answer/two answer type questions
  • Assertion and reasoning

The oral and written examinations (Scheduled and surprise tests)

 

Closed-book and open-book tests

 

Problem-solving exercises

 

Assignments

 

Quiz

 

Semester End Examination
 

 

9.00
Unit I: 
General Aspects of Environmental Chemistry

Environmental components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere), Atmospheric layers, vertical temperature profile, heat radiation budget of the earth. Temperature inversion.

Environmental pollution- Introduction, Pollutants- types & Classification.  Effects and control of air pollutants: CO, NOx, SO2 and particulates.

Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, residence time.

Chemistry of water and chemical reactions in aquatic environment; concept of oxygen demand -DO, BOD, COD; TDS, pH, conductivity

9.00
Unit II: 
Enhanced Atmospheric Effects

Green house effect: Green house gases - Major sources and climate change, effect on global warming and agriculture.

Acid Rain: Introduction; acid rain precursor, their aqueous and gas phase atmospheric oxidation reactions; damaging effects on aquatic life, plants, buildings and health; acid rain control strategies.

Ozone depletion: Ozone layer formation, reactions, role, and processes of ozone depletion.

Consequences of ozone depletion. Creation, non-catalytic and catalytic process of ozone destruction.

Aerosols, Smog formation

9.00
Unit III: 
Environmental Toxicology

Introduction; threshold limiting value (TLV); Toxicity and control of Toxicants--Non Metallic Compounds, Asbestos, Organic Compounds- POPs (phthalate, dioxins), PCBs, Pesticides, VOCs, endocrine disrupters, heavy metals-As, Hg, Cd, Pb.

9.00
Unit IV: 
Principles of Green Chemistry I

History, Need and Goals. Green Chemistry and Sustainability and background of Green Chemistry.

Twelve Basic principles of Green Chemistry with their explanation and examples and special emphasis on the following:

Designing a Green Synthesis using these principles; Prevention of Waste/ byproducts; Atom Economy: maximum incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final products, calculation of atom economy of the rearrangement, addition, substitution and elimination reactions.

Prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products reducing toxicity.

Risk = (Function) hazard x exposure; waste or pollution prevention hierarchy.

9.00
Unit V: 
Principles of Green Chemistry II

Green solvents: Supercritical fluids, water as a solvent for organic reactions, ionic liquids, fluorous biphasic solvent, PEG, solventless processes, immobilized solvents and how to compare greenness of solvents.

Energy requirements for reactions: alternative sources of energy: Microwave assisted reactions in water: Hofmann Elimination, Hydrolysis (of benzyl chloride)

Ultrasound assisted reactions: Esterification, saponification, substitution reactions, Alkylations, oxidation, reduction, coupling reaction, Cannizaro reaction, Strecker synthesis, Reformatsky reaction. Selection of starting materials; avoidance of unnecessary derivatization-careful use of blocking/protecting groups.

Use of catalytic reagents in preference to stoichiometric reagents; catalysis and green chemistry, comparison of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, biocatalysis, asymmetric catalysis and photocatalysis.

References: 
  • Environmental Chemistry, Tenth Edition; Stanley E. Manahan; CRC Press; 2017.
  • Environmental Chemistry, Fifth Edition; Colin Baird; W.H. Freeman and company, New York, 2012.
  • Environmental Chemistry, Ninth Edition; A. K. De; New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2018.
  • Chemistry of the Environment, Revised Third Edition; Thomas G. Spiro & William M. Stigliani; University Science Book, New Delhi, 2011.
  • Green Chemistry:A textbook; V.K.Ahluwalia  Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2012.
  • Green Chemistry: Introductory Text, Second Edition; M. Lancaster;Royal Society of Chemistry London, 2010.
Academic Year: 
2020-2021
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