ENVIRONMENTAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY

Paper Code: 
CHY 614
Credits: 
3
Contact Hours: 
45.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Course Objective(s):

This course will enable the students to –

  • have the knowledge of the chemical and photochemical reactions essential for the emergence and existence of the cycling and accumulation of pollutants in the environment.
  • address the chemistry of elements and compounds in the atmosphere and water.
  • lay special emphasis on the processes that define the connections and the dependence between individual segments of environment and to develop perspective on sustainability.

Course Outcomes (COs):

Course Outcomes

Teaching and learning strategies

Assessment

strategies

  
 

The students will be able to –

CO172: discuss the concept of structure and function of different compartments of the environment and criticize the range and extent of the air and water pollution problem with an understanding of some of the treatment procedures available

CO173: examine the national and global environmental issues relating to atmosphere, water and natural resources

CO174: identify relationships between chemical exposure and effects on physiological system

CO175: analyse the environmental impacts of  chemistry and discover the importance of Green Chemistry.

CO176: apply the green chemical sustainable tools for cleaner environment & energy.
  • Class lectures
  • Tutorials
  • Group discussions
  • Use of models
  • Assertion and reasoning
  • Technology enabled learning
  • Peer learning

 
  • Oral and written examinations
  • Problem solving exercises
  • Assignments
  • Quiz
  • Efficient delivery using seminar presentations
  • Group activity
  • Multiple choice questions
  • Short answer type questions
  • Assertion and reasoning

 

  

 

9.00
Unit I: 
General Aspects of Environmental Chemistry

Environmental components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere)
Atmospheric layers, vertical temperature profile, heat radiation budget of the earth. Temperature inversion.
Environmental pollution- Introduction, Pollutants- types & Classification.
Effects and control of air pollutants: CO, NOx, SO2 and particulates.
Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, Residence time.
Chemistry of water and chemical reactions in aquatic environment; concept of oxygen demand -DO, BOD, COD, TDS, pH, conductivity.

 

9.00
Unit II: 
Enhanced Atmospheric Effects

Greenhouse effect- greenhouse gases and their major sources, climate change, effect on globalwarming and agriculture, global warming potential.
Acid Rain- introduction, acid rain precursor, their aqueous and gas phase atmospheric oxidation reactions, damaging effects on aquatic life, plants, buildings and health, acid rain control strategies.
Ozone depletion- Ozone layer formation, reactions, role, and processes of ozone depletion.
Consequences of ozone depletion, creation, non-catalytic and catalytic process of ozone destruction.
Aerosols, Smog formation

 

9.00
Unit III: 
Environmental Toxicology

Introduction, threshold limiting value (TLV), LD50 value.
Toxicity and control of toxicants- non-metallic compounds, asbestos, organic compounds- POPs (phthalate, dioxins), PCBs, pesticides, VOCs, endocrine disrupters, heavy metals-As, Hg, Cd, Pb.

 

9.00
Unit IV: 
Principles of Green Chemistry I

History, need and goal, green chemistry and sustainability and background of green chemistry.
Twelve basic principles of green chemistry with their explanation and examples and special emphasis on the following- designing a green synthesis using these principles, prevention of waste/ byproducts, atom economy- maximum incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final products, calculation of atom economy of the rearrangement, addition, substitution and elimination reactions.
Prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products reducing toxicity.
Risk = (Function) hazard x exposure, waste or pollution prevention hierarchy.

 

9.00
Unit V: 
Principles of Green Chemistry II

Green solvents- supercritical fluids, water as a solvent for organic reactions, ionic liquids, fluorous biphasic solvent, PEG, solventless processes, immobilized solvents and how to compare greenness of solvents.
Energy requirements for reactions- alternative sources of energy.

  1. Microwave assisted reactions in water- Hofmann elimination, hydrolysis (of benzyl chloride)
  2. Ultrasound assisted reactions- esterification, saponification, substitution reactions, Alkylations, oxidation, reduction, coupling reaction, Cannizzaro reaction, Strecker synthesis, Reformatsky reaction.

Selection of starting materials, avoidance of unnecessary derivatization, careful use of blocking/protecting groups.
Use of catalytic reagents in preference to stoichiometric reagents, catalysis and green chemistry, comparison of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, bio catalysis, asymmetric catalysis and photocatalysis.

 

Essential Readings: 
  • Environmental Chemistry, Tenth Edition; Stanley E. Manahan; CRC Press; 2017.
  • Chemistry of the Environment, Revised Third Edition; Thomas G. Spiro & William M. Stigliani; University Science Book, New Delhi, 2011.
  • Green Chemistry: Introductory Text, Second Edition; M. Lancaster; Royal Society of Chemistry London, 2010.

 

References: 

SUGGESTED READINGS

  • Environmental Chemistry, Fifth Edition; Colin Baird; W.H. Freeman and company, New York, 2012.
  • Environmental Chemistry, Ninth Edition; A. K. De; New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2018.
  • Green Chemistry: A textbook; V.K. Ahluwalia; Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2012.

e-RESOURCES

 

Academic Year: 
2022-2023
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