Mechanism of Organic Reactions and Stereochemistry

Nomenclature of benzene derivatives (mono and disubstituted), physical properties. Introduction to aromatic compounds: Benzene, structure and stability, M.O concept, resonance and resonance energy; Aromaticity, Huckel’s rule with cyclic carbocations/carbanions and heterocyclic compounds,annulenes & kekulene as examples,elementary idea of aromatic,antiaromatic and homoaromatic compounds. 

Aromatic electrophilic substitution – general pattern of the mechanism,  and  complexes, energy profile diagram,activating and deactivating effects of substituents, orientation,o/p ratio, halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and desulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; side chain halogenation of alkyl benzenes (toluene, ethyl benzene), Birch reduction,  One carbon electrophiles reactions: chloromethylation, Gatterman-Koch, Gatterman, Hoesch, Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, Reimer-Tiemann, Kolbe-Schmidt. 

Geometrical isomerism: concept of restricted rotation – cis-trans, syn-anti and E,Z system of nomenclature, geometrical isomerism in oximes, amides and alicyclic compounds. Optical isomerism: elements of symmetry, concept of asymmetry and chirality,  enantiomers and diastereomers, racemic mixture and meso isomers; molecular chirality – allenes, relative and absolute configuration, nomenclature of optical isomers – D,L nomenclature, sequence rule and the R,S system of nomenclature, resolution of enantiomers; elementary concepts of asymmetric synthesis (concept of diastereomeric induction).Elementary concept of chiral induction through chemical reaction (reaction of bromine to alkane and alkenes)

Newman, Fischer, Sawhorse and Flying-wedge formula; conformation of ethane, n-butane and cyclohexane – axial and equatorial bonds, conformational analysis of monosubstituted and disubstituted cyclohexane (dimethylcylcohexane), concepts of conformational locking; chair conformation of α and β glucose and their stability.