Natural Products and SeparationTechniques

Classification, nomenclature, occurrence, general methods of structure determination, isoprene rule; stereochemistry and synthesis of the following representative molecules: Citral, and Menthol.

Alkaloids: Definition, nomenclature, physiological action, occurrence, general methods of stereochemistry and synthesis of the following: Ephedrine and (+)-Nicotine

Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diel’s hydrocarbon and stereochemistry. Structure determination and synthesis of  Androsterone and  Testosterone.

Occurrence,  nomenclature and general methods of structure determination. Isolation and synthesis of Apigenin, Luteolin, Quercetin, Myrcetin, Quercetin 3-glucoside, Vitexin, Diadzein, Butcin, Aureusin, Cyanidin-7-arabinoside, Cyanidin,Hirsutidin, Biosynthesis of flavonoids: Acetate pathway and Shikimic acid pathway.
Prostaglandins: Ocurrence, nomenclature, classification, biosynthesis  and physiological effects. Synthesis of PGE₂ and PGF_2n  
Pyrethernoids and Rotenones: Synthesis and reactions of  Pyrethernoids and Rotenones

Need for learning separation techniques, separation techniques in natural product research and drug discovery, extraction techniques. Chromatography: General principles, classification of chromatographic techniques, normal and reversed phase, bonded phase chromatography, stationary phases, activity of stationary phases, elutropic series, and separation mechanisms.
Column Chromatography: Column packing, sample loading, column development, and detection. Flash and Vacuum Liquid Chromatography: Objectives, optimization studies, selection of column and stationary phases, selection of mobile phases. Automated flash chromatography, and reverse phase flash chromatography.

 Principles, instrumentation, peak shapes, capacity factor, selectivity, plate number and plate height, resolution, band broadening. HPLC Instrumentations: Pumps, injector, detectors, and columns. Column problems, gradient HPLC, HPLC solvents, trouble shooting, sample preparation, method development.
Planar Chromatography – TLC/HPTLC/OPLC: Basic principles, sample application, development of plates, visualization of plates, 2D TLC, densitometry, and over pressure layer chromatography.
Counter-current Chromatography: Basic principles, droplet counter current chromatography, centrifugal partition chromatography, choice of solvents for SP and MP. Gas Chromatography: Principles, instrumentation, split-splitless injector, head space sampling, columns for GC, detectors, and quantification.
Hyphenated Techniques:  Introduction to GC-MS  and LC-MS techniques and their application in natural products.