ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I: BASICS OF HYDROCARBONS

Organic Compounds: classification, and nomenclature, hybridization, shapes of molecules,influence of hybridization on bond properties.

Electronic Displacements: inductive, electromeric, resonance and mesomeric effects,hyperconjugation and their applications, dipole moment, organic acids and bases, their relative strength.

Homolytic and heterolytic fission with suitable examples, curly arrow rules, formal charges, electrophiles and nucleophiles, nucleophlicity and basicity, types, shape and their relative stability of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes.

Introduction to types of organic reactions and their mechanism: addition, elimination and substitution reactions.

Fischer projection, Newmann and Sawhorse projection formulae and their interconversions. Geometrical isomerism: cis–trans and, syn-anti isomerism E/Z notations with C.I.P rules.
Optical Isomerism: optical activity, specific rotation, chirality/asymmetry, enantiomers, molecules with two or more chiral-centres, distereoisomers, meso structures, racemic mixture and resolution, relative and absolute configuration: D/L and R/S designations.

 A. Carbon-Carbon sigma bonds: Chemistry of alkanes- formation of alkanes,
Wurtz reaction, Wurtz-Fittig reactions, free radical substitutions: halogenation (relative reactivity and selectivity).

B. Carbon-Carbon pi bonds: Formation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions, mechanism of E1, E2, E1cB reactions, Saytzeff and Hofmann eliminations.

Reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic additions their mechanisms (Markownikoff/ AntiMarkownikoff addition), mechanism of oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation, ozonolysis, reduction (catalytic and chemical), syn and anti-hydroxylation (oxidation), 1,2-and 1,4-addition reactions in conjugated dienes and, Diels-Alder reaction, allylic and benzylic bromination and mechanism, e.g. propene, 1-butene, toluene, ethyl benzene.

Reactions of alkynes: Acidity, electrophilic and nucleophilic additions, hydration to form carbonyl compounds, alkylation of terminal alkynes.

Cycloalkanes and Conformational Analysis: Types of cycloalkanes and their relative stability, Baeyer strain theory, conformation analysis of alkanes: relative stability, energy diagrams of cyclohexane: chair, boat and twist boat forms, relative stability with energy diagrams.

Aromaticity: Hückel’s rule, aromatic character of arenes, cyclic carbocations/carbanions andheterocyclic compounds with suitable examples.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Friedel-Craft’s alkylation/acylation with their mechanism, directing effects of the groups.