Protein Synthesis And Regulation

Polynucleotide phosphorylase, RNA polymerase, structure of E.coli RNA polymerase, interaction between RNA polymerase and template, chain initiation and the cycle, elongation and termination, eukaryotic RNA polymerases, promoter and enhancer sequences, inhibitors of transcription, synthesis of different RNA moleculs, synthesis of r-RNA, 5sRNA and tRNA. Post Transcriptional modification: RNA splicing-introns and split genes, splicing mechanisms, splicing of nuclear pre-tRNA introns, group-I & II pre-mRNA introns, excision of multiple introns, nuclear cytoplasmic transport, factors involved in pre m-RNA splicing, RNP's, protein factors, hnRNP proteins, splicing complexes (Spliceosomes), transplicing, catalytic RNA. (Ribozymes)

The genetic code, in vitro translation systems, t-RNA structure and role in protein biosynthesis, amino acyl t-RNA synthetase, Wobble hypothesis, mitochonodiral genetic code, Nonsense suppression, Ribosomes-structure and composition, reconstitution, mechanism of initation, elongation and termination of protein biosynthesis, factors required for translation, inhibitors of protein synthesis antibiotics and other inhibitors, nonribosomal biosynthesis of polypeptides, biosynthesis of gramicidin-S.

Translation feedback, synthesis of ribosomes and ribosomal RNA, hemoglobin synthesis, interferons, regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level, the lac repressor, fine structure of lac operon, cAMP and the catabolic activator protein, Gal operon and concept of dual promoters, dual functions of the repressor the ara opreon, transcriptional control by attenuation, the trp operon.
Euckaryotic gene regulation, positioning chromosomes for transcription, polytene chromosomes, gene amplification and gene rearrangements, homeotic genes, regulatory molecules that interact with DNA, transcriptional control by alternative RNA processing and enhancers,activators, Helix-turn-helix, zinc finger and leucine zipper motifs, Developmental and environmental regulation of gene expression.
 

Proteins sorting and targeting, cell organelles and proteins in protein sorting, post-translational modifications, the signal hypothesis, signal sequences and signal recognition particle, molecular chaperones, protein degradation, lysomal degradation, PEST sequences, the ubiquition pathway, protein stability and the N-end rule.

Viral and cellular oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes from humans, structure, function and mechanism of action of pRB and p53 tumor suppressor proteins, activation of oncogenes and dominant negative effect, suppression of tumor suppressor genes, Totipotency and cell signaling, role of growth factors and cytokines, signal transduction mediated by cAMP, role of nitric oxide and cyclic nucleotides, calcium ions, calmodulin and inositol phosphatides as second messengers, protein phosphorylation and signal transduction, glycosylation, acylation and ADP ribosylation of proteins and their role in signal transduction, programmed cell death and mechanisms involved therein.