Solutions and Reaction Kinetics

Solutions: ideal and non-ideal solutions, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions, activity and activity coefficient.

Solution of gases in liquid: Henry’s law, deviation from Henry’s law.

Solutions of solid in liquid- Nernst distribution law, Non ideal system: azeotropes –ethanol-water systems.

Partially miscible liquids: phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems;

lower and upper consolute temperature, effect of impurity on consolute temperature; immiscible liquids.

Self Study: Applications and limitations of Henry’s law

Introduction, colligative properties, Raoult’s law, relative lowering of vapour pressure; osmosis, law of osmotic pressure and its measurement by Barkeley –Hartley’s method  ; elevation of boiling point and its measurement by Landsberger’s method ; depression of freezing point and its measurement by Rast method ; use of colligative properties in molecular weight determination; non-ideal behaviour and Van’t Hoff’s factor ‘i’.

Self Study: Reverse osmosis

Chemical kinetics and its scope, rate of a reaction, factors influencing rate of a reaction; mathematical characteristics of simple chemical reactions- zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life; determination of the order of reaction– differential, integration, half life period ; radioactive decay as a first order phenomenon; introduction to catalytic reaction.

Self Study: Order, molecularity, rate law and rate constant.

Experimental methods of chemical kinetics – conductometric, polarimetry and spectrophotometer.

Arrhenius equation and activation energy.

Theories of chemical kinetics – collision theory and transition state theory (elementary idea.

Sorption at surfaces, physical and chemical adsorption; Freundlich, Langmuir and Gibbs adsorption isotherms; factors effecting adsorption, applications of adsorption.