Solutions: ideal and non-ideal solutions, distillation of solutions, lever rule, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions, activity and activity coefficient.

Solution of gases in liquid: Henry’s law, deviation from Henry’s law.

Solutions of solid in liquid- Nernst distribution law and its applications, Non ideal system: azeotropes –ethanol-water systems.

Partially miscible liquids: phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems;

lower and upper consolute temperature, effect of impurity on consolutetemperature; immiscible liquids, Principle of steam distillation.

Self Study: Applications and limitations of Henry’s law.

Introduction, colligative properties, Raoult’s law, relative lowering of vapour pressure; osmosis, law of osmotic pressure and its measurement by Barkeley –Hartley’s method  ; elevation of boiling point and its measurement by Landsberger’s method ; depression of freezing point and its measurement by Rast method, thermodynamic derivation using chemical potential to derive relation between the four colligative properties. use of colligative properties in molecular weight determination; non-ideal behaviour and Van’t Hoff’s factor ‘i’.

Self Study: Reverse osmosis.

Chemical kinetics and its scope, rate of a reaction, factors influencing rate of a reaction; mathematical characteristics of simple chemical reactions- zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life; determination of the order of reaction– differential, integration, half life period ; radioactive decay as a first order phenomenon.

Self Study: Order, molecularity, rate law and rate constant.

Experimental methods of chemical kinetics – conductometric, polarimetry and spectrophotometer.

Arrhenius equation and activation energy.

Theories of chemical kinetics – collision theory and transition state theory. Types of catalyst, specificity and selectivity, enzyme catalysis, Michalis-menten mechanism.

Sorption at surfaces, physical and chemical adsorption; Freundlich, Langmuir and Gibbs adsorption isotherms; factors effecting adsorption, applications of adsorption.