States of Matter

Paper Code: 
CHY - 103
Credits: 
2
Contact Hours: 
30.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

To learn about mathematical concepts which will be helpful in chemical derivations and to enhance the knowledge on principles and bulk property of matter.
 

Unit I: 
Mathematical Concepts

Logarithmic relations,Differentiation of simple functions like, xn ex, log x ;  rules of differentiation; maxima and minima ; linear graphs and calculation of slopes; partial differentiation; Integration of some useful/relevant functions.
 

Unit II: 
Gaseous State

Pre requisite: Gas laws.
Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals equation of state.Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities Molecular velocities: root mean square, average and most probable velocities; collision number, collision frequency, mean free path and collision diameter; Liquefaction of gases (based on Joule-Thomson effect).
Critical Phenomena: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of van der Waals equation, relationship between critical constants and van der waals constants, the law of corresponding states.
 

Unit III: 
Liquid State

Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state, intermolecular forces; physical properties, vapour pressure, heat of vaporization, Trouton’s rule; surface tension and its measurement by stalagmometer method; viscosity and its measurement by Ostwald’s method, effects of temperature, coefficient of viscosity; application of surface tension and viscosity in determination of chemical constitution.
Liquid Crystals: classification, structure of nematic, smectic and cholestric phases, application of liquid crystals.
 

Unit IV: 
Solid State

An introduction to space lattice and unit cell; laws of crystallography – (i) law of constancy of interfacial angles (ii) law of rationality of indices (iii) law of symmetry, symmetry elements in crystals; X-ray diffraction by crystals, derivation of Bragg’s equation, determination of crystal structure by different methods, determination of  of crystal structure ofNaCl, KCl and CsCl.
Colloidal State

Unit V: 
Colloidal State

Pre requisite: Definition and classification.
Solids in liquids (Sols): properties- kinetics, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze law, gold number.
Liquid in liquids (Emulsions): types, preparation, and emulsifier.
Liquids in solids (Gels): classification, preparation and properties, inhibition; general application of colloids.
 

Essential Readings: 
  1. A Text Book of Physical Chemistry; A.S. Negi, S.C. Anand; New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, 2002.
  2. University General Chemistry; C.N.R. Rao; Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi, 1998.
  3. Physical Chemistry Through Problems; S.K. Dogra and S.Dogra; Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 2001.
  4. Shanti Narayan, Differential Calculus , S.Chand and Co., New Delhi.