States of Matter

Logarithmic relations,Differentiation of simple functions like, xⁿ e^x, log x ;  rules of differentiation; maxima and minima ; linear graphs and calculation of slopes; partial differentiation; Integration of some useful/relevant functions.

Pre requisite: Gas laws.

Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals equation of state.Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities Molecular velocities: root mean square, average and most probable velocities; collision number, collision frequency, mean free path and collision diameter; Liquefaction of gases (based on Joule-Thomson effect).

Critical Phenomena: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of van der Waals equation, relationship between critical constants and van der waals constants, the law of corresponding states.

Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state, intermolecular forces; physical properties, vapour pressure, heat of vaporization, Trouton’s rule; surface tension and its measurement by stalagmometer method; viscosity and its measurement by Ostwald’s method, effects of temperature, coefficient of viscosity; application of surface tension and viscosity in determination of chemical constitution.

Liquid Crystals: classification, structure of nematic, smectic and cholestric phases, application of liquid crystals, reduced equation of states.

An introduction to space lattice and unit cell; laws of crystallography – (i) law of constancy of interfacial angles (ii) law of rationality of indices (iii) law of symmetry, symmetry elements in crystals; X-ray diffraction by crystals, derivation of Bragg’s equation, determination of crystal structure by different methods, determination of  of crystal structure ofNaCl, KCl and CsCl.

Pre requisite: Definition and classification.

Solids in liquids (Sols): properties- kinetics, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze law, gold number.

Liquid in liquids (Emulsions): types, preparation, and emulsifier.

Liquids in solids (Gels): classification, preparation and properties, inhibition; general application of colloids.