Thermodynamics

Pre requisite: Laws of thermodynamics, free energy, chemical potential and entropies.

Therodynamics of open system: Partial molar properties and their significance, chemical potential , Gibbs- Duhem equation , variation of chemical potential with temperature and pressure , chemical potential in a system of ideal gases, Clasius-Clapeyron equation and its application, fugacity and activity, determination of fugacity , the concept of activity and activity coefficient.

Quantum mechanical aspects: introduction, thermodynamic probability and most probable distribution, , common terms- canonical ensemble, occupation number, statistical weight factor, configuration, phase space, macroscopic state, microscopic; state, system, assembly and ensemble and its types; Ensemble averaging and its postulates, statistical equilibrium, Boltzmann distribution law, type of statistics- Bose-Einstein statistics and Fermi-Dirac  statistics - distribution. Applications of statistics to Helium, photon gas and metals.

Molecular partition function for an ideal gas, translational partition function, rotational partition function, vibrational partition function, electronic partition function, nuclear partition function, translational energy of the gas, translational entropy of a monoatomic gas, translational enthalpy, translational heat capacity, translational Helmholtz function.

Equilibrium constant, equipartition principle, chemical potential, heat capacity of mono and diatomic gases, o and p- hydrogen and mixture of the two ring o-hydrogen and p-hydrogen heat capacity of solids.

Entropy, probability, Boltzmannn-planck equation, significance of thermodynamics probability, entropy of expansion of ideal gas, residual entropy, molecular basis of residual entropy, statistical calculation of entropy, vibrational entropy, nuclear spin entropy, virtual entropy, rotational entropy, comparison of third law and statistical entropies, random orientation in the solids, entropy of hydrogen and deuterium.

Thermodynamic criteria for non equilibrium states, Entropy production and Entropy flow, Entropy balance equations for different irreversible processes (heat flow, chemical reaction etc.), Transformations of the generalized fluxes and Forces, Non equilibrium stationary states, Phenomenological equations, Microscopic reversibility and Onsager’s reciprocity relations, Electrokinetic phenomena, Diffusion and electric conduction.