Coming soon
Thermodynamics and Surface Chemistry
This course will enable the students to-
get acquainted with the fundamentals of statistical thermodynamics and its applications in calculating thermodynamic properties and make aware of thermodynamics of irreversible system, advanced aspects of colloidal and surface phenomena.
Course Outcomes (COs):
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Course |
Learning outcome (at course level) |
Learning and Teaching Strategies |
Assessment Strategies |
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Course Code |
Course Title |
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24CHY123 |
Thermodynamics and Surface Chemistry (Theory) |
CO13:Determine partial molar properties and can explain the concept of excess functions for non-ideal solutions. CO14: Discuss statistical thermodynamics, covering quantum concepts, and distribution principles, applying methods to different systems for calculating molecular partition functions. CO15: Develop expertise in statistical approach to thermodynamic properties including partition functions, equilibrium constants, and entropy calculations for gases and solids, while comparing statistical entropy with the third law of thermodynamics. CO16: Explain the concept and theory of thermodynamics for non-equilibrium systems. CO17: Analyze and quantitatively determine interfacial phenomena and behavior of colloidal systems. CO18:Contribute effectively in course-specific interaction |
Approach in teaching: Interactive lectures, tutorials, group discussions and e-learning.
Learning activities for the students: Peer learning, e- learning, problem solving through tutorials and group discussions.
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Written examinations, Assignments, Quiz
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Thermodynamics of open system: Partial molar properties, determination of these quantities and their significance, chemical potential in a system of ideal gases, Gibbs- Duhem equation, fugacity and determination of fugacity.
Non-ideal systems: excess functions for non-ideal solutions, the concept of activity and activity coefficient.
Quantum mechanical aspects: Concept of distribution, thermodynamic probability and most probable distribution, common terms- occupation number, statistical weight factor, configuration, phase space, macroscopic state, microscopic state, system, assembly, canonical, grand canonical and microcanonical ensemble, ensemble averaging and its postulates.
Type of statistics- Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, Bose-Einstein statistics and Fermi-Dirac statistics. Applications of statistics to helium, photon gas and metals.
Molecular partition function for an ideal gas, translational, rotational, vibrational, electronic and nuclear partition function.
Calculation of thermodynamic properties in terms of partition function-
translational energy, entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz function, Gibb’s free energy of a monoatomic gas. Equilibrium constant, equipartition principle, heat capacity of mono and diatomic gases, mixture of o and p- hydrogen, heat capacity of solids.
Entropy, probability, Boltzmann-planck equation, significance of thermodynamics probability, entropy of expansion of ideal gas, molecular basis of residual entropy, statistical calculation of entropy, vibrational entropy, nuclear spin entropy, virtual entropy, rotational entropy, comparison of third law and statistical entropies, random orientation in the solids, entropy of hydrogen and deuterium.
Thermodynamic criteria for non-equilibrium states, entropy production and entropy flow, entropy balance equations for different irreversible processes (heat flow, chemical reaction etc.), transformations of the generalized fluxes and forces, non-equilibrium stationary states, phenomenological equations, microscopic reversibility and Onsager’s reciprocity relations, electrokinetic phenomenon, diffusion and electric conduction. Irreversible thermodynamics for biological systems, coupled reactions.
Adsorption of gases by solids, BET adsorption isotherm, adsorption from solution, Gibbs adsorption isotherm. Surface films on liquids (electrokinetic phenomena), catalytic activity of surfaces.
Surface active agents, classification, hydrophobic interaction, micelle formation- mass action model and phase separation model, shape and structure of micelles, micellar aggregation numbers, critical micelle concentration (CMC), factors affecting CMC of surfactants, counter ion binding to micelles, thermodynamics of CMC, thermodynamics of micellization, micelle temperature range (MTR) or Kraft point, solubilization, micro emulsion and reverse micelles.
- Thermodynamics for Chemist, Samuel Glasstone; East West Press, Private Limited, 2015.
- Principles of Physical Chemistry, Forty Eighth Edition; B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania; Vishal Publishing Co., Jalandhar, 2020.
- Statistical thermodynamics, Revised Second Edition; M.C Gupta; New Age International Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 2013.
- Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics and Kinetics, T. Engel and P. Reid; Pearson Education, 2008.
- Chemical Thermodynamics, Seventh Edition; I.M Klotz and R.M Rosenberg; Wiley-Interscience, California, 2010.
- Physical Chemistry, A Molecular Approach, Viva Student Edition; D.A. McQuarrie and J.D Simon; Viva Books Private Limited, New Delhi, 2019.
- Micelles: Theoretical and Applied Aspects, Y. Moroi, Springer International Edition, 2013.
- Advanced Physical Chemistry, Eighteenth Edition; J. N. Gurtu and A. Gurtu; Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2015.
e-Resources:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8GqSTYsvUk (The Gibbs Duhem equation)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UlSrU9F1hI (Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution)
- https://nptel.ac.in/courses/104103112 (NPTEL course on Thermodynamics from classical to statistical)
