Introduction to Biomolecules

Origin of Life: elementary idea of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, difference between plant and animal cell, cell organelles and their functions: plasma membrane, chloroplast,   mitochondria, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, ribosomes, nucleus.

Chemical bonds: Hydrogen bonds, covalent, ionic, van der Waals interactions.

Amino acids: Essential and non essential, structure of zwitterions, Synthesis of amino acids by reductive amination , GS-GOGAT system and transamination,

Structure of proteins: primary, secondary-α helix and β pleated sheets, tertiary and Quaternary structure.

Classification, structure and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin and pectins.

Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Structure and functions of lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, classification: simple, compound and derived lipids (steroids and cholesterol). Synthesis of long chain fatty acids, α-oxidation, β-oxidation.

DNA: Double helical structure of DNA, types of DNA -A, B, C and Z forms, replication.                                                                                                              

RNA: RNA structure and its types- r RNA, m RNA, and t RNA, ribozymes.