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Spectroscopy II
Course Objectives :
The course aims to apprise the learners with the instrumentation involved in the various spectroscopic techniques, to enable them to understand and apply the key concepts of spectroscopy in the elucidation, characterization and inference of the relevant structural information of various known organic molecules and to make them extend the same to unknown organic compounds.
Course Outcomes (COs):
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COURSE |
Learning outcomes (at course level) |
Learning and teaching strategies |
Assessment Strategies |
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Paper Code |
Paper Title |
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CHY 224 |
Spectroscopy II |
The students will be able to-
CO65-differentiate between instrumentation tools and techniques of Mass/IR/UV Spectrometry. CO66-differentiate between the principles of various spectroscopic methods and work on problems of different regions of EMR Spectrum. CO67- identify the suitable technique for a class of molecules based on selection rules and fundamental theory of spectroscopy. CO68- employ the theoretical knowledge of techniques like COSY, NOSEY, HETCOR and DEPT to differentiate between compounds of different electronic, structural and functional constitution in 13C-NMR. CO69- interpret and distinguish between the structures of simple compounds using the Mass, IR and NMR spectra. CO70-predict the λmax for different organic compounds using Woodward-Feiser rules. CO71-correlate the theoretical and experimental results of spectroscopic analysis of organic molecules. CO72-associate advanced applications like MRI with the NMR principles and theory. |
Class lectures
Tutorials
Group discussions
Question preparation-Subjective type, Long answer, Short answer Objective type-Multiple choice questions, One answer/two answer type questions Assertion and reasoning
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Quiz
Written test
Assignment
Semester end examination |
Introduction, generation- EI, CI, HEMS FD and FAB. Mass analyzer-electromagnetic field, quadrupole. Detection of molecular formula (HRMS) and determination of molecular formula, molecular ion, molecular ion peak, Nitrogen rule, isotope peak, metastable ions; Fragmentation: Basic fragmentation types and rules, factors influencing fragmentation, McLafferty rearrangement, fragmentation pattern of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amines, nitriles, nitro and halogenated compounds.
Self-Study: Problems of mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds for structure determination.
Electronic transitions (185-800 nm), Beer-Lambert rule, hypsochromic & bathochromic shifts, effect of conjugation, solvent effects, chromophores & auxochromes. Characterization of organic compounds: Application of Woodward-Feiser rules to conjugated dienes, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, benzene and benzene derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polyenes and polyenynes, steric effects in biphenyls and applications.
Fluorescence spectroscopy: An introduction to fluorescence spectroscopy.
Sampling, instrumentation and selection rules.
Quantitative studies: Force constants, relation between force constant and vibrational frequencies, an introduction to near IR Overtones, combination bands and fermi-resonance, factors effecting the shift in group frequencies: Isotope effect, hydrogen bonding, solvent effect, electronic effects (inductive and mesomeric) and steric effect, different absorption regions in IR spectrum and vibrational coupling.
Characteristics functional group absorptions in organic compounds: Carbon skeletal vibrations (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds), alcohols, phenols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amides, acid anhydrides, conjugated carbonyl compounds, esters, lactones, amines, amino acids (primary and secondary), interpretation of IR spectra of typical organic compounds.
Nuclear properties, Pulse technique, Fourier Transform technique and its advantages, quantum number, chemical shift and factors affecting chemical shift, spin-spin interaction, factors affecting coupling constant, shielding mechanism, chemical shift values and correlation for protons bonded to carbon (aliphatic, olefinic, aldehydic and aromatic) and other nuclei (alcohols, phenols, enols, carboxylic acids, amines, amides and mercaptans), proton exchange, deuterium exchange, complex spin-spin interaction between two, three, four, and five nuclei (first order spectra).
Hindered rotation, Karplus curve: Variation of coupling constant with dihedral angle, simplification of complex spectra: nuclear magnetic double resonance, contact shift reagents, variable temperature dynamic NMR spectroscopy.
Solvent effects, Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE), a brief introduction of compounds carrying NMR active nuclei like 15N, 19F, 31P.
13C NMR spectroscopy: Basic principles, chemical shift, (aliphatic, olefinic, alkyne, aromatic, heteroaromatic & carbonyl carbon), proton (1H) coupled 13C NMR spectrum, off-resonance and noise decoupled 13C NMR spectrum, DEPT. 2D-NMR spectroscopy– COSY, NOESY, HETCOR.
Structure elucidation of organic compounds by combined application of UV, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy.
- Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds; Sixth Edition; R.M. Silverstein and F.X. Webster; John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
- Organic Spectroscopy; Third Edition; W. Kemp; Palgrave Publisher Ltd., New York, 2004.
- Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry; Seventh Edition; D. H. Williams and I. Fleming; Springer International publishing, 2019.
- Spectral Analysis of Organic Compounds; Second Edition; C.J. Creswell and M.M. Campbell; Burgess Publishing Company, Great Britain, 1972.
