STATES OF MATTER

Kinetic molecular model of a gas- postulates & derivation of the kinetic theory of gases, Maxwell distribution and its use in molecular velocities (average, root mean square and most probable velocity), kinetic energy distribution in one and three dimensions, calculation of number of molecules having energy ≥ ε, degree of freedom, principle of equipartition of energy and its application to calculate the classical limit of molar heat capacity of gases.

Collision of gas molecules- collision diameter, collision cross section, collision number, mean free path, frequency of binary collisions (similar and different molecules).
Deviation of gases from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, Andrew's and Amagot's plots, van der Waals equation and its characteristic features, Virial equation of state, isotherms of real gases and their comparison with van der Waals isotherms, critical state, relation between critical constants and van der Waals gas constants, law of corresponding states, Boyle temperature. Intermolecular forces (Debye, Keesom and London interactions, Lennard-Jones potential).

Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state, physical properties of liquids- vapour pressure, temperature dependence of vapour pressure.
Surface tension, surface energy, excess pressure, measurement of surface tension, work of cohesion and adhesion, spreading of liquid over other surface, vapour pressure over curved surface, temperature dependence of surface tension.
Viscosity, general features of fluid flow (streamline flow and turbulent flow), Reynold number, Newton’s law of viscosity, Poiseuille's equation, measurement of viscosity, temperature dependence of viscosity, viscosity of gases v/s liquids and kinetic theory of gas viscosity.

Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller indices, elementary idea of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravias lattices, X-ray diffraction- Bragg’s equation, a simple account of rotating crystal method and powder method, analysis of powder diffraction patterns of NaCl, CsCl and KCl, glasses and liquid crystals.

Colloidal state- definition and classification.
Solids in liquids (sols)- types and kinetic, optical and electrical properties, stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze law, gold number.
Liquid in liquids (Emulsions)- types, preparation and emulsifier.
Liquids in solids (Gels)- classification, preparation and properties, inhibition.
Applications of colloids.
Surface chemistry- sorption at surfaces, physical and chemical adsorption, Freundlich, Langmuir and Gibbs adsorption isotherms, factors affecting adsorption, applications of adsorption.